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The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe pneumonia called COVID-19 and leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome with a high mortality rate. The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the human body leads to jumpstarting immune reactions and multi-organ inflammation, which has poorer outcomes in the presence of predisposing conditions, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, abnormal adiposity, and even endothelial dysfunction via biomolecular mechanisms. In addition, leucopenia, hypoxemia, and high levels of both cytokines and chemokines in the acute phase of this disease, as well as some abnormalities in chest CT images, were reported in most patients. The spike protein in SARS-CoV-2, the primary cell surface protein, helps the virus anchor and enter the human host cells. Additionally, new mutations have mainly happened for spike protein, which has promoted the infection's transmissibility and severity, which may influence manufactured vaccines' efficacy. The exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis, besides molecular aspects of COVID-19 related to the disease stages, are not well known. The altered molecular functions in the case of immune responses, including T CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells, besides the overactivity in other components and outstanding factors in cytokines like interleukin-2, were involved in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, it is highly needed to identify the SARS-CoV-2 bio-molecular characteristics to help identify the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the bio-molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and their effects on vaccine efficacy.Copyright © 2022 NRITLD, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Iran.
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Introduction: Due to the high risk of Covid-19 disease, especially delta variant in pregnant women, as well as the novelty of this epidemic in the world and the lack of similar studies in Iran and the region, it seems necessary to perform a study on mortality rate and laboratory and clinical findings of the disease in pregnant women. Therefore, this study was performed aimed to determine the laboratory and clinical findings in hospitalized pregnant women with Covid -19 based on disease outcome during the outbreak of Delta variant (summer and autumn 2021) in Ardabil province. Method(s): In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, all pregnant women with Covid-19 admitted to the hospitals of Ardabil province in summer and autumn 2021 at the time of delta outbreak were included. Finally, 187 infected pregnant mothers were studied. Demographic information, clinical signs and laboratory findings were studied in all mothers. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) and Fisher Exact test and Pearson Correlation. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result(s): Of the 187 infected pregnant women, 8 mothers died. Comorbidity was observed in 41 pregnant women. The most common clinical finding was shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough, and the most common laboratory finding was lymphopenia. Comparing the cured and dead mothers according to laboratory findings using Fisher's exact test showed that the difference between ALT (p <0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (p <0.001), AST (p <0.001), BS (P <0.05), creatinine (p <0.05) and total bilirubin (p<0.05) were statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusion(s): Infection to delta variant of Covid-19 disease resulted in 187 hospitalizations and 8 deaths of pregnant mothers in Ardabil province. Shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough were the most common clinical findings and lymphopenia was the most common laboratory finding.Copyright © 2022, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Due to the high risk of Covid-19 disease, especially delta variant in pregnant women, as well as the novelty of this epidemic in the world and the lack of similar studies in Iran and the region, it seems necessary to perform a study on mortality rate and laboratory and clinical findings of the disease in pregnant women. Therefore, this study was performed aimed to determine the laboratory and clinical findings in hospitalized pregnant women with Covid -19 based on disease outcome during the outbreak of Delta variant (summer and autumn 2021) in Ardabil province. Method(s): In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, all pregnant women with Covid-19 admitted to the hospitals of Ardabil province in summer and autumn 2021 at the time of delta outbreak were included. Finally, 187 infected pregnant mothers were studied. Demographic information, clinical signs and laboratory findings were studied in all mothers. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) and Fisher Exact test and Pearson Correlation. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result(s): Of the 187 infected pregnant women, 8 mothers died. Comorbidity was observed in 41 pregnant women. The most common clinical finding was shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough, and the most common laboratory finding was lymphopenia. Comparing the cured and dead mothers according to laboratory findings using Fisher's exact test showed that the difference between ALT (p <0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (p <0.001), AST (p <0.001), BS (P <0.05), creatinine (p <0.05) and total bilirubin (p<0.05) were statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusion(s): Infection to delta variant of Covid-19 disease resulted in 187 hospitalizations and 8 deaths of pregnant mothers in Ardabil province. Shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough were the most common clinical findings and lymphopenia was the most common laboratory finding.Copyright © 2022, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Due to the high risk of Covid-19 disease, especially delta variant in pregnant women, as well as the novelty of this epidemic in the world and the lack of similar studies in Iran and the region, it seems necessary to perform a study on mortality rate and laboratory and clinical findings of the disease in pregnant women. Therefore, this study was performed aimed to determine the laboratory and clinical findings in hospitalized pregnant women with Covid -19 based on disease outcome during the outbreak of Delta variant (summer and autumn 2021) in Ardabil province. Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, all pregnant women with Covid-19 admitted to the hospitals of Ardabil province in summer and autumn 2021 at the time of delta outbreak were included. Finally, 187 infected pregnant mothers were studied. Demographic information, clinical signs and laboratory findings were studied in all mothers. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) and Fisher Exact test and Pearson Correlation. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 187 infected pregnant women, 8 mothers died. Comorbidity was observed in 41 pregnant women. The most common clinical finding was shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough, and the most common laboratory finding was lymphopenia. Comparing the cured and dead mothers according to laboratory findings using Fisher's exact test showed that the difference between ALT (p <0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (p <0.001), AST (p <0.001), BS (P <0.05), creatinine (p <0.05) and total bilirubin (p <0.05) were statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusion: Infection to delta variant of Covid-19 disease resulted in 187 hospitalizations and 8 deaths of pregnant mothers in Ardabil province. Shortness of breath (Dyspnea) and cough were the most common clinical findings and lymphopenia was the most common laboratory finding.
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Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the epidemiological, demographic, clinical and paraclinical indicators of suspected, probable and infected cases of covid-19 referred to Imam Reza Hospital (AS) in 2018-2019. Method(s): This cross-sectional study was conducted using patient information between 2018 and 2019 at Imam Reza Hospital. The method of collecting information in this study was by means of a checklist. Patient information was collected through the files of suspected, probable, and infected patients with Covid-19 who were admitted to Imam Reza Hospital during the implementation of this study in 2018-2019. This checklist included the demographic information of the patients including age, gender, underlying disease, patient symptoms, laboratory findings, hospitalization information, prescription drugs, and the status of the patients at discharge (survivor or deceased). Result(s): A total of 305 patients with an average age of 58.03 +/- 17.40 years were included in the study. 126 patients (41.3%) were positive for covid. The most common clinical symptoms were shortness of breath in 182 patients (59.7%), cough in 178 patients (58.4%) and fever in 177 patients (58%), respectively. The most common underlying diseases were high blood pressure (39.0%) and diabetes (33.4%). The amount of WBC (p=0.018), potassium (P=0.037), urea (P=0.001), CRP (P=0.001), PT (P=0.001) and INR (P=0.001) were significantly higher in deceased patients than in surviving patients. However, the amount of platelets (P=0.047), pH (P=0.001) and HCO3 (P=0.017) in the deceased group was significantly lower than the living group. . In the discussion of hospital data, the duration of intubation (P<0.001), the duration of hospitalization (P=0.036), the duration of hospitalization in the ward (P=0.005) and the duration of hospitalization In ICU (P<0.001), it was significantly higher in patients who died than in those who survived. Conclusion(s): Covid patients usually present with fever, shortness of breath and cough;Among the cases of disease, diabetic and hypertensive patients made up a major part, which shows the susceptibility of this group to the disease. However, only the presence of cardiovascular diseases was associated with higher mortality. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: COVID-19 is one of the most severe, intestinal, respiratory, and systemic infections in animals and humans. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of kelofan syrup on biochemical factors and clinical signs of patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 hospitalized patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. The intervention group received 7.5 cc of kelofan syrup(a traditional Persian medicine product) every 12 hours for one week and the placebo group received 7.5 cc of placebo syrup. Serum levels of white blood cells (WBCs), C - reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, lymphocyte, and clinical outcomes were measured before the beginning of the intervention and on day 7. Results: Kelofan syrup enhanced the white blood cell and reduced creatinine and LDH in the syrup group. However, serum levels of WBC, lymphocyte, CRP, LDH, and creatinine(P > 0.05) in the kelofan group at the end of the study did not significantly change than in the placebo group. Also, clinical outcomes such as fever, respiratory rate, saturated oxygen, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, duration of hospitalization, and fatigue did not change significantly from in the placebo group. Conclusion: our findings indicate that kelofan syrup for seven days could not alter biochemical and clinical outcomes than in the placebo group in patients with COVID-19. However, in some clinical symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, weakness, and biochemical factors like WBC, Cr, and LDH, a significant change was observed at the end of hospitalization in the intervention group.
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Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread throughout the world, including Iran. The main measures for preventing the spread of this disease are based on personal hygiene and observance of protocols such as social distancing. It is important for medical and non-medical students to be aware of this disease and how to face it. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of medical and non-medical students in Mashhad, Iran against regarding COVID-19.
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Introduction: The Covid-19 epidemic in the world has triggered innumerable stress and anxiety among people. Sincemedical staff play a leading role in the fight against Covid-19, they experience the highest level of risk and anxiety. Consequently, as a systematic study, this study aimed to investigate the anxiety of medical staff and the psychological factors affecting it during the pandemic of Covid-19 in Iran.
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Background: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and to examine the risk factors for seropositivity among the people of Ardabil, in the northwestern part of Iran. Methods: A community-based survey was carried out involving 1013 participants (690 from urban and 323 from rural areas), who were selected based on the cluster sampling method. Iran’s FDA-approved Pishtaz Teb SARS-CoV-2 ELISA kits were used to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in serum samples. Weighted seroprevalence, the number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR), and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were estimated after adjusting for survey design and serial test performance. The factors associated with IgG/IgM positive were determined using logistic regression. Results: Between May 20 and June 7, out of 1013 survived people, 123 (12.11%) were IgG positive, 49 (4.8%) were IgM positive and 122 (12.04%) were having both IgG and IgM antibodies. The highest frequency of positive test for IgG and IgM antibodies was found in people with diabetes, followed by people with obesity and heart disease, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed old age (2.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 11.74), male sex (1.52, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.13), urbanization (1.40, 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.22), higher family number (9.44, 95% CI: 1.69 to 52.13), obesity (2.14, 95% CI: 1.11 to 5.86), NCDs (1.22, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.16), having symptoms (3.02, 95% CI: 1.64 to 8.61), traveling (2.70, 95% CI: 1.76 to 10.8), history of contact with infected patients (2.38, 95% CI: 1.08 to 7.03), as factors associated with IgG/IgM positive test. Conclusion: Around the mid of May 2020, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was low among Ardabil's adult population. Several factors have been found to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, which should be considered by policymakers to set policies against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. © 2022, Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection is a lethal disease caused by a Novel strain of coronaviruses. Although vaccinations of healthy people and meticulous treatment of infected people are the main global health concerns, some plant species have therapeutic effects against viral infections. Matricaria chamomilla is one of the most famous medicinal plants used to manage flu or flu-like symptoms due to its antiviral bioactivity. M. chamomilla belongs to a large group of medicinal herbs used by Persian scholars such as Avicenna and Rhazes to treat respiratory diseases. It has more than 120 chemical constituents, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and some components with potential medicinal activity. In this study, the inhibitory effect of 2 major flavonoid components of M. chamomilla, apigenin and luteolin, was studies for the main protease protein of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Molecular docking studies were performed using an in-house batch script (DOCKFACE) of Auto Dock 4.2. The 3D structures of the selected flavonoids were retrieved from PubChem, and each ligand was optimized with MM+ then AM1 minimization method using HyperChem 8. The 3D crystal structure of the main protease protein of SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 6LU7) was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org./pdb). Results: Apigenin and luteolin exhibited good docking scores against 6LU7 receptor, -7.86 and -7.24, respectively, with a combination of hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, and other hydrophobic interactions in the docked complexes. Besides, the estimated inhibition constants, Ki, showed that luteolin exhibited a better inhibitory effect than apigenin. Conclusions: Based on these results, the authors proposed that M. chamomilla can be considered as a valuable resource recommended for preventing SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the human body. Keywords: COVID-19, M. chamomilla, Persian medicine, Molecular Docking, Herbal medicine
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SARS-CoV-2, an infectious disease caused by a novel strain that belongs to a large family of coronaviruses, has emerged as a global health threat. This viral disease affects the epithelial cells of the respiratory system and eventually leads to pneumonia. Using medicine derived from natural and safe herbs could be an alternative way of preventing or even treating severe respiratory disorders. This research has been conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of Ferula gummosa Boiss. in preventing Covid-19. Molecular docking simulation was performed on the 18 components of Ferula gummosa against known active binding sites of SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that these compounds inhibited the vital proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including 6LU7, 6EX1, 6W9C, and 6M71. According to the docking scores (DS) and inhibition constants (Ki), the most potent anti-coronavirus activity is expressed in the order: Δ-Cadinen > β-eudesmol > Bulnesol. The docking results revealed that the natural components of Ferula gummosa, mainly Δ-Cadinene, could be considered a valuable resource for preventing the infection of SARS-CoV-2. © 2021 by the authors.
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Introduction: While our knowledge is limited about COVID-19 immunity, recent cases of reinfection have raised concerns. Case presentation: Here, we report a case of COVID-19 reinfection after three months from recovery in a healthcare worker with negative IgM and IgG at the second infection and positive nasopharyngeal swab Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test despite being discharged with two negative RT-PCR tests at the first admission. Symptoms at first admission were fever, headache, sore throat, diarrhea, and vomiting and got changed to myalgia and anosmia. Conclusion: The strength of this case report is the long period (three months) between the infection and reinfection while other cases reported in literature were reinfected less than one month after their first infection. © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.